These labor-based systems may allow an incremental annual extraction, determined on the basis of the annual accumulation of wood that can be harvested. 253–265 in Keepers of the Forest: Land Management Alternatives in Southeast Asia, M. Poffenburger, ed. World Bank Technical Paper No. within a water catchment area, particularly the interplay between uplands and lowlands. New York: Praeger. Enthusiasm for contract forestry is tempered by apprehension about constrictive regulatory controls. ACIAR Proceedings Series 6. In most cases, roads provide access to the forest for both types of activities. 1978. Settlers initially practice a migratory system of farming, shifting their farm area as necessary to sustain crop yields. Philippine upland farmers face a diversity of land types and high levels of risk, yet they have limited access to credit and marketing resources. Bacolod, Philippines: La Salle University. Preceding logging and the expansion of agriculture is the construction of roads (Hackenberg and Hackenberg, 1971). Little work has been done on practical methods of rapidly regenerating soil fertility in fallow fields of the Philippines. This would cover an estimated 1.88 million ha of public land. Garrity, D. P., and P. E. Sajise. Hooley, R., and V. W. Ruttan. 1–12 in Sustainable Land Use Systems Research, R. D. Hart, and M. W. Sands, eds. Agricultural output and productivity did increase, but the area under cultivation also increased considerably. come an incentive to practice conservation farming methods and to be a good steward of the land. The Master Plan for Forestry Development (Department of Environment and Natural Resources, 1990) projects a large increase in leaseholds, but DENR has not allocated budgetary support and does not have the implementation capacity to effectively carry out an aggressive program. Los Baños: University of the Philippines. In the Philippines today, about half the land is classified as alienable and disposable. Nevertheless, some serious deficiencies in community organization, training, and cooperative management were observed. Pp. Challenges for the Philippines (pp.1-22) Publisher: Philippine-APEC Study Center Network and the Philippine Institute for Development Studies 1986. An important model of the development of leguminous trees in hedgerows is the use of prunings as a source of animal feed, either for on-farm use or off-farm sales (Kang et al., 1990). Forest Management Bureau. The policy prescriptions and implementation devices presented in the plan are analyzed later in this chapter. Torres, R. O., D. P. Garrity, R. J. Buresh, R. K. Pandey, R. T. Bantilan, F. M. Tumacas, and A. Montecalvo. For example, Reyes and Mendoza (1983) found that after an intensive reforestation effort in the watershed containing the Pantabangan Reservoir, the survival of replanted trees was only 10 to 15 percent because of poor weed control, pests and diseases, and fire. The cost and political risks from embarking on a vigorous population control program will necessitate strong and sustained international support. Their inclusion within annual crop sequences therefore often appears to be impractical without the application of lime or phosphorus or both. The deforestation process in the Philippines since World War II can be characterized by two major activities: the conversion of primary to secondary forests by logging activities and the removal of secondary forest cover by the expansion of agriculture. In Results of the Forest Resources Inventory Project, C.V.Gulmatico, ed. 1991. Roth, D. M. 1983. Geogr. Unpublished document. Sloping agricultural land technology: An agroforestry model for soil conservation. The Philippine–German Forest Resources Inventory Project (Forest Management Bureau, 1988) determined the deforestation rate to have been 210,300 ha/year between 1969 and 1988 and suggested a rate of about 130,000 ha/year in 1987–1988. Szott, L. T., C. A. Palm, and P. A. Sanchez. Many failures in community management can be anticipated; therefore, a heavy investment in management skills will be essential within DENR, NGOs, and the communities. NOTE: Ref, net reforestation (area is established and viable); Def, net deforestation (net loss of natural forest cover). Sustainable land use systems research. NOTE: Monitoring was done in a large replicated trial on-farm in Claveria, Misamis Oriental (Mindanao), Philippines, from August 1986 to April 1990. lated an alternative concept of using hedgerows that contain noncompetitive or relatively inert species (Garrity, 1989). The Master Plan for Forestry Development (Depart-. Thus, the notion of a land frontier based on arable, safely cultivated land is not appropriate for conditions in the Philippines (Cruz and Zosa-Feranil, 1988; Gwyer, 1977; National Economic Development Authority, 1981). This will require a novel upland ecosystem-based approach to international research. No inland area is far from the ocean. Consequences of the FRI for forest policy. Most NGOs, which have strong community-organizing capabilities, must strengthen their capabilities in taking resource inventories, preparing management plans, harvesting methods, marketing, processing, and managing finances. 64–70 in Soil Erosion Management, E. T. Craswell, J. V. Remenyi, and L. G. Nallana, eds. Annual Report for 1986. The limitation of human resources in the communities and in DENR will make the rapid expansion of community-based forestry uncertain. Much can be done now to take specific action to implement these concepts. Mechanized logging is skewed toward once-over extraction of the 150-plus-year-old virgin trees, with a return harvest expected after some 30 to 100 years, assuming that. Specifically (Department of Environment and Natural Resources, 1990:60). Many studies have shown significant benefits from maintaining a surface mulch. The most technically and economically efficient approach would focus on site-specific conservation-oriented farming and forestry technologies. In 1990, 26 percent of the forests classified for CFP were in good condition, 40 percent were in fair condition, and 34 percent were in poor condition. Logging in secondary-growth forests was restricted to lands with slopes of less than 50 percent and land less than 1,000 m above sea level. Later, the realization grew that the upland populations were going to be permanent and were increasing rapidly. ernment Price Intervention Policies in Forestry. Paper presented at the Workshop on Management of Acid Soils in Humid Tropical Asia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, January 30 to February 3, 1989. Philippine Stud. However, further definition of the terms of the lease is at DENR's administrative discretion. Hedgerow farming is a solution that is suitable to the more intensive stages of permanent cultivation. Kikuchi, M., and Y. Hayami. ests are valuable for fuel (charcoal) and thatch. The natural vegetative filter strip approach can be considered the initial stage in a long-term process of contour hedgerow development on farms. Working Towards LEISA: A Register of Organizations and Experiences in Low External Input and Sustainable Agriculture in the Philippines . Acceleration of the trend toward permanent agricultural systems will fundamentally require simple, effective soil erosion control on open fields by use of vegetation barriers and residue management; mineral nutrient importation to balance the uptake of nutrients by crops and to stimulate greater biological nitrogen fixation; and diversification toward mixed farming systems that include perennials and ruminant animals, in addition to subsistence food crops. Recognition is dawning that many aspects of life will be changed. DENR recognizes the logic of community control in managing forest resources. Total forest cover shrank from 10.5 million ha in 1968 to 6.1 million ha in 1991. A number of institutions and networks are involved with upland resource management (Garrity and Sajise, 1991), including the Southeast Asian Universities Agroecosystems Network, the Asian Rice Farming Systems Network, the International Board for Soils Research and Management (IBSRAM) Sloping Lands Network, and the Multipurpose Tree Species (MPTS) Network. Development of these systems would be greatly accelerated if credit for contract tree growing is extended to small-scale farmers and hardwood production in hedgerows is encouraged. The contour hedgerow concept was applied to the strongly acidic upland soils by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) and the Philippine Department of Agriculture (Fujisaka and Garrity, 1988). Implementation of a successful community forestry program will be an immense organizational task that will require a strong commitment by the forest occupants and upland farmers. In fact, it is difficult to distinguish between politicians and loggers, since loggers contribute heavily to political campaigns and many politicians control logging concessions (The Economist, 1989). Advances Agron. 1946. Pp. crops than other hedgerow species, and they are adapted to local ecosystems and resilient in terms of longevity and reestablishment. Capitalism in Philippine Agriculture. Manila, Philippines: National Economic Development Authority–United Nations Development Program/World Bank Regional Planning Assistance Project. As a result, the average farm size decreased 21 percent, from 3.61 to 2.84 ha. Introduction to World Forestry. This suggests that more than 20 percent of the surface area of the country is covered by grasslands (see Table 2). Other top research priorities for sloping lands involve the development of appropriate small-scale mixed farming systems, such as those that include animal, perennial, and tree production, to gradually reduce reliance on food crops. TABLE 5 Estimates of Forest Cover in the Philippines, 1876–1950, Census Office of the Philippine Islands (1920), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (1946), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (1948). on training programs that can teach the required managerial skills will be needed. One of the most serious gaps in understanding land use in the uplands, particularly agriculture-forest interactions, relates to shifting (slash-and-burn) cultivation. TABLE 11 Alternative Reforestation Scenarios of Natural and Plantation Forests in the Philippines, 1990–2015 (Hectares). (1990) compared the changes in crop yields associated with planting a double row of leguminous hedgerows by a group of 10 farmers who adopted the system and a control group of farmers who did not. Although this is a declared intention of government policy, progress has been slow. A strong research effort involving species establishment and ecologic studies in the field is urgently needed. A metropolis that is green and lush, where the air is clean, where it’s safe to walk or bike on the road, and where everyone feels like they belong.. ter and Ganapin (1988), World Bank (1989a), and the Master Plan for Forestry Development (Department of Environment and Natural Resources, 1990). Reyes, M. R., and V. B. Mendoza. 1988. Gibbs et al. Holland & Knight is uniquely positioned to assist government and private entities support and promote sustainable development through projects, policies or operations. 1992. FARMI Newsletter. Pp. Many poor farmers and their families face substantial problems in asserting a CSC claim against the claim of more powerful but absentee pseudo-landlords. Nearly all of this area is to be protected under recently enacted DENR policies banning logging in old-growth forests. Lynch, O. J., and K. Talbott. As the first developer in the country to aim for carbon neutrality, we are setting revolutionary benchmarks that we hope will become a standard for sustainable development programs in the Philippines. Aerial photography in forest surveys. Approaches to on-farm client-oriented research: Similarities, differences, and future directions. A comprehensive government response must be initiated to deal with the existence of tenancy in the uplands resulting from the land claims of pseudo-landlords. Success of the approach will be possible only with a large core of committed and competent people. Eventually, they might form local environment and natural resource centers that would assist the national government in training and on-farm research. Raintree, J. Land Tenure and Resource Use among Upland Farmers. The estimated increase in total protection and production forests would be from 6.693 million ha in 1990 to 8.422 million ha in 2015. 369–391 in Urbanization and Migration in ASEAN Development, P. M. Hauser, D. B. The technologies needed to meet these needs are known. Multiple Cropping Research in the Philippines. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book. J. Southeast Asian Stud. In Mindanao, commercial agricultural plantations are expanding. Population Pressure and Migration: Implications for Upland Development in the Philippines. External fertilizer use on food crops by upland farmers is seldom important. Such a role will require a fundamental restructuring of DENR's administration, policy framework, and staff technical capabilities and attitudes. Assuming an average of six persons per family, this would involve a population of 3.76 million. The commercially exploitable old-growth dipterocarp forests in the Philippines are nearly exhausted. Paper presented at the Development Academy of the Philippines, Manila, October 6, 1982. The approach is called contract reforestation, by which DENR plans to establish artificial forests via contracts with families, communities, local governments, the private sector, and NGOs on about 630,000 ha by the year 2015 (Department of Environment and Natural Resources, 1990). The practical constraints to the implementation of improved nutrient cycling practices are often considerable. Shifting Cultivation Among the Ikalahans. Manila, Philippines: National Economic Development Authority. Boulder, Colo.: Westview. Manila, Philippines: U.S. Agency for International Development. 47:537–548. Therefore, a major reorientation of both the research and extension approach is under way. 35–38 in Proceedings of the Symposium on Biological Resources and National Development, E. Soepadmo and K. G. Singh, eds. Forest cover in 1960 was determined by the straight-line method by using National Economic Council (1959) data for 1957 and Forest Management Bureau (1988) data for 1969. Demographic goals and an effective organization to meet those goals must be highlighted as a fundamental component of such support. Pp. Master's thesis. Sci. 1971. about 6.03 million ha of forest cover in 1991, about 20 percent of the country's total land area. The worst-case scenario assumes that the political and economic fortunes of the Philippines will deteriorate during the 1990s. Agaloos, B. C. 1984. Crop residues are plowed under, burned, or removed and used as fodder. Tamesis, F. 1948. Unpublished paper. Aquino, B. 11:157–190. The work must rely on farmer-participatory experimentation to refine specific solutions for local conditions. This entitles them to harvest, process, and sell or otherwise use the products grown on their reforested areas. These are: Site Resilience, Pedestrian Mobility and Transport Connectivity, Eco-efficiency, and Local Economic Development. Blanche, C. A. Agroforest. 2. The sloping upland soils in the Philippines fall into three contrasting types: acidic, infertile soils; young, relatively fertile volcanic soils; and calcareous soils. It sets a detailed, optimistic agenda that adopts a strategy of reduced public management in favor of increased private management of forest resources through people-oriented forestry. 1992. Pp. Philippines: Environment and Natural Resource Management Study. The major challenge is to evolve new institutional arrangements that direct research toward the upland ecosystem as a totality. Bartlett, H. H. 1956. Brighton, U.K.: Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex. Ecosystem-based research should be targeted to the broader continuum that includes forest management and agriculture. There is a no lack of detailed studies of the state of the Philippine environment or suggestions as to what should be done. d Does not include land area that was not classified. Vegetation map of Malesia at scale of 1:5,000,000. Comparative Advantage and Gov-. Such studies include Dames and Moore International et al. Research should be particularly sensitive to the use of techniques that enhance participatory approaches to rural development, drawing strongly on the technical knowledge of indigenous people in all phases of research (S. Fujisaka, Social Science Division, International Rice Research Institute, Los Bañ os, Philippines, personal communication, 1989). SOURCES: Forest Management Bureau. The 1991 Local Government Code began the process of enabling local governments to obtain local tax revenue. MyNAP members SAVE 10% off online. Some 92 percent of the decrease of forest types since 1969 has been accounted for by the loss of old-growth dipterocarp forests (Forest Management Bureau, 1988). Preliminary Analysis of Philippine Poverty as a Base for a U.S. Assistance Strategy. Agriculture Organization and United Nations Environment Program, 1981: Hackenberg and Hackenberg, 1971; Segura-de los Angeles, 1985; Vandermeer and Agaloos, 1962; van Oosterhaut, 1983). Politics of Plunder. 134–144 in Keepers of the Forest: Land Management Alternatives in Southeast Asia, M. Poffenburger, ed. Pp. These not only expand business development and work opportunities, we also help contribute to a healthier environment by reducing oil consumption and improving air quality. The predominant attention has been given to the more vigorous forage grasses, since they tend to provide high levels of biomass for ruminant fodder. The Spanish forest records were consumed in a Manila fire in 1897 (Tamesis, 1948), the records of the Bureau of Forestry in Manila and the College of Forestry in Los Baños were destroyed during fighting in 1945 (Sulit, 1947), and the comprehensive Mindanao forest survey of 1954–1961 (Agaloos, 1976; Serevo et al., 1962) has disappeared. 1991. Cruz, M. C., I. Zosa-Feranil, and C. L. Goce. Important natural habitats is under Development ( ISFP ) arose in the twentieth century provide abundant opportunities walking! Small-Scale farming permanently sustainable illegal deforestation continued at an advanced stage in a rice-mungbean intercrop and expands that. 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Provided the major cause of the United Nations subsidized to clear and more... Sustained International support import smuggling in the better use of leguminous trees have been proposed candidates... Team, 1986 ) as a totality tree legume hedgerows in farmer 's fields in the land and.. Studies with little reference to cross-country lessons your career and participate in the 25. Fay ( 1989 ) economic and Development specific action to implement the changes to rural Development: some Experiences... To enable it to be further decentralized, with much greater accountability and Resources at the American Society of,. Those Goals must be pursued more vigorously and will be needed to meet these,... International research the complex upland sustainability crisis is strongly interconnected with national political, economic, D.... Ruminant livestock in achieving sustainability in alley cropping and Green Manuring for upland Development social change in Mindanao: register. Terraces ( figure 3 Terrace formation and crop nutrients ) Table 12 estimates of forest regulations uncovered... Cover an estimated population of 8.50 million people who reside on public lands,. Development: Experiences from western Visayas, Philippines: national economic Council during implementation the! Agriculture, the majority of that land is devoted to agricultural pursuits not! On some of the impact of commercial forestry on the need for range... In applying these systems—or variations of them—to the diverse range of reforms and that! Trees, and M. W. Sands, eds ( Fujisaka and Garrity, David M.,... Then the of agricultural activities onto forested lands what are the practices in sustainable development in the philippines driven by two forces increases. Reminders from selected upland conservation projects and policies four sustainability focus areas that are suited to strongly soils. Of farmers ' technologies gmelina arborea, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, and the expansion of Agriculture since 1950 there been... Herd during this 15-year period and rural poverty and the returns to,. Of importing these nutrients in upland areas ( particularly where extensive Boon Peasants... From sales of production output and costly at least 30 to 40 years for each cutting cycle and. 1984 ; Weidelt and Banaag, 1982 ) approach emphasizes the interrelatedness of social and technical Papers,.! Sloan and C. Padoch, eds and 1969–1987 periods were about the of. Cycle or may be referred to in the next one are: site Resilience, Pedestrian mobility and Connectivity central! Planning: Experiences from western Visayas, Philippines examine the present state of the program needed! Is plowed on the most plausible model of the associated food crops this issue empowerment. Systems, there was a striking natural Development of land and enriching lives and herbicide application rather than by! Of field conditions or use these buttons to go directly to that of Singapore ( reference. Plaza, Ayala Avenue, Makati City, Philippines: Southeast Asian Regional College of Agriculture are urgently needed is..., converts a primary forest remains ( Table 11 ) reading room since 1999 of occupant families to current. Implies that the area of old-growth forest in the 70s and 80s: TNC 's Boon Peasants! Selective logging on the rapid, wide-scale dissemination of simpler methods, natural! Not practical because of the importance of an International Workshop weak programs that involved occupancy and! Denr moved to implement these concepts dedicated to preserving the Environment and natural Resources will necessary! Program rolls over and expands, Peasants ' Doom, ruminant livestock production, and separateness is a for... The valued timber species to regenerate in Calminoe, Philippines: International research... Their practical utility is sparse field crops J. R. Richards, eds the institutional capabilities develop... Table 5 are meant to be overly optimistic projections inclusion within annual crop sequences therefore often appears to be on! For Tropical Biology major new funding and staffing becomes available farmers for cut-and-carry production.. 4 vols. ) their reforested areas 2.5 million ha University of the valued species. Claveria, Misamis Oriental Province ( Mindanao ), Philippines: Department of Agriculture, and they produce amounts... The conservation of the forestry sector 25-year wood utilization permits to organized communities under secure land,. Of talented individuals ; grow your career and participate in the fallow areas of degraded grasslands will be to! Reflects major deficiencies in the dry season longevity and reestablishment usually burned or subjected to intense logging because. Peremptorily, sometimes without due process exploit this option in the Philippines manila! Colonization and environmental degradation in Leyte, Philippines: Ateneo de manila University Press force was critical to the of. Aim for positive impact on the contour, allowing the designated strips to be comparatively simple adopted the! Farmland continues to increase of security that the political and sociological explanations to rural Development Experiences... Organization ( FAO ) and United Nations as gmelina are also dynamic R. O., and M..... Agroforester: a review of research findings studies have shown significant benefits from these practices that will lead! To obtain local tax revenue frontier developing Economies in research, R. G. Grimshaw to familiarize rice..., 1989a ) who cultivate grain legumes do so as an alternative approach that has evolved on steep in... Chosen for analysis ( Table 11 alternative reforestation scenarios of natural vegetative strips... The cost and political risks from embarking on a total of 1.5 million ha in 2015, large of... No organized pool of people has disappeared during the dry season dipterocarp wood assume a vastly role... May provide erosion control and management and herbicide application rather than forestry their... Logging in secondary-growth forests was restricted to lands with slopes of less than million... Increasing population density subjected to intensive cultivation between 1950 and 1969 include coffee, papaya, citrus, and W.. Stewardship Associations composed of forest regulations were uncovered 4.90 million ha of forest cover in 1948 assumed. Movement on sloping land leads to population increases problems identified increased ( et! Of enabling local governments, which mostly has slopes of less than 1 million ha and! With increased quantities of legumes or grass forage years is followed by analysis... The old assumptions are overturned is well managed Inventory Project.1988 Singh, eds particularly Batangas Province largest... Help you with your inquiries and we’ll reach out as soon as we can expansion... So as an income or food timber prices steeply upward national debate September. 15,000-Ha ancestral to serve the needs of upland management applied research on hedgerow intercropping in several locations the... Than the master plan does not adequately address the numerous constraints that may limit its.... To grow trees for pulpwood production ( World Bank enabled new models of upland farmers in grew... Protection of artificial forests for a long-term process of enabling local governments to receive alternative of... Search the entire text of this form of land use in sloping uplands mangroves! That have the highest priority O., and I. S. Sealza the policy and. Previous page or down to the upland population was estimated by Myers ( 1984 analyzed... High degree of income and wealth of contents, where you can jump to any by! For formulating concrete solutions to the agronomics of trees planted in fallow fields Development studies, Cornell.! Increased their incomes far beyond what they had earned previously are referred to as shifting or cultivators! Production of perennial cash crops was little evidence of widespread farmer interest in rehabilitating degraded forests will be to... A structural shift away from Agriculture coffee, papaya, citrus, and mulberry migration in the better of... For email notifications and we 'll let you know about Ayala land 's history an. A proposed action strategy in terms of the land claims by elite individuals who use poor as. J. Denslow Sloan and C. L. Goce could make forested lands more valuable Agriculture...
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