0000010768 00000 n ;b�F����|�7��V��g�F���i�ǹK"�c $��cDg� ج��>����"��ł�� Qp`�!>7BKP�:;� @N��tD%�k�Vv6o�� &�l�gHx�p{���v~��̀�ͼ�cUmOћsv���1��������N�x�^*��eNuBg�B��sy�L��d��>3�x����qb-%tN�^�ߵ�0����6a���~��!W��q��_!��)9mں;�},��������709F����·h�}��䈉���j��� Heat the estrous cycle, progesterone production also increases. Retraction of the Uterus. 24 0 obj 25 0 obj Day 0 is the first day of behavioral estrus. This allows the cow to show standing estrus again around day 21 (Fig 3). It will also enable producers to better understand and control reproductive diseases and calving problems. The duration Several economical prostaglandin products are available by prescription from a veterinarian. Dr/ mohamed newera 2. + � � � � � � � � � � � � endstream proestrus, estrus, The reproductive function of a cow or heifer is characterized by whether she displays normal estrous cycles. Palpation of the Non-pregnant ... Estrous Cycle (Accuracy <80%) •Uterine tone, small firm CL, large follicle, +/-mucous discharge –Pro-estrus or estrus �a{�w�(��.��M1��[�߮ ��q���*� ���Cl�B�w��q��p��S&���u�]*Du >���y��wS:�W�.k��v�ٶ�T�k�x��5#��x����Y��E�S�V��s�c��_�5�g)�;�m�z/�d[k�+Ţ�*�A(KC��6��A��Ҟ�[;��v�|�"���l��_3� J�D������h� h�b```�b�A��1�FA0�g`Pdp2��OOb�b��~�uǍ�.�1�B������l:�so�J\鲨6�� "X���u����пyi����N�����o����b�S���=uC�b��2�7��������O��GGG[��Ky{ ȉL�\J=M'',���Ep+*tsmV�k�X��up�q��l'���g�x 24 14 << At this time, natural breeding would occur. The estrous cycle in the cow averages 21 days (range is 17—24). Each cycle consists of a long luteal phase (days 1-17) where the cycle is under the influence of progesterone and a shorter follicular phase (days 18-21) where the cycle is under the influence of estrogen. Facilitate adoption of artificial insemination Economic Return and Profitability Estrous synchronization: a reproductive mgt. Estrus detection is based on behavioral signs, bleating, flagging of the tail, reddened vulva, vaginal discharge (which causes the tail hairs to stick together), and occasional “riding” by other does, although this last sign is far less common than in cattle. This female or bull. the estrous cycle, progesterone production also increases. stream This is because follicular growth occurs in waves throughout the Estrous Cycle. –Most often used as part of an AI/ET program to reduce labor. /Info 23 0 R THE ESTROuS CyCLE The 21-day estrous cycle relies on each of the reproductive hormones for successful completion. /N 6 The estrous cycle in cattle is complex and regulated by several hormones and organs (see Figure 1). /S 252 The hormone estrogen peaked the day before (day -1) and then declined. 0000000692 00000 n LH is then secreted on days 0 – 2 of the cycle to cause ovulation to occur. The approved drugs for estrus synchronization in the U.S. elicit one of the following actions: 1. The stages of the bovine cycle are. There are four parts to the estrous cycle. /Names << /Dests 15 0 R>> Estrous, on the other hand, is the whole reproductive heat cycle that a female goes through, from heat period to no heat period (Proestrus, Estrus, Metestrus, and Diestrus). endobj All cycling cows should Methods of Estrus Synchronization respond to the second injection regardless of what stage of the estrous cycle they were in when the first 1. /Prev 57020 /H [ 692 404 ] Basic knowledge in this area will help producers do a better job of getting cows rebred, especially when using artificial insemination and estrus synchronization. >> Also, in dairy cattle , the calving means the start of lactation. cycle when a cow is not pregnant. %PDF-1.6 %���� Oœ�H��1�k�֫,�\Y���;�%C�=��v��MzϜ��-`�X;����[�n��}8sX�Y���\�_����젝�Qu�;+���x��E�S-��Ϲn�o笳�����2����`���!- V������&F���w��q�0-I�H�h&���.�����vbwceP�Y�r������%@%��#�0�'�wr���V][�)1��1n廜כ����J�B���@�{&�E�,Cг��_6��9�=���K�֨uZw���I:.�����Ӓ�4�8�6��ZJ��L㢀��Ӝ�#��h�E�W����q���2���]������O,/1q�S�n�t~�ؾPnS�By����X>T�]���}Y�Є��J�CiD�5 eAU�lsCc�zFÉ΂0�k�c�Q�J���ծ�& d��3�͡������̝�suR�۲ve.a�J,�$���z�iu�(3D 9�ټ�9�zl:��u-:��_)�4���qj�F�(m:�s��F�E�!G鋗�Q�ⅫK��h#�봑����A[%�QiGǠ�H�$n�J�Bu�$ؘGRaK]�F�Q��E�0}GSwW�)���[ /Parent 22 0 R Estrous-cyclic females can 2. Day of the Estrous Cycle 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 us us Length of the estrous cycle in cattle with 2 follicular waves is typically 18 to 20 days, slightly shorter than the estrous cycle with 3 follicular waves 9 Ovulation Ovulation Follicle Development During the Estrous Cycle Example for 2 Follicular Waves Review heat detection procedures and heat detection efficiency with the producer. The Estrous Cycle. zk�����lkا��q��y�5��{�+8�^�Z~*u7���sڸ��Bp��?c�Iч����~6�v���?GQ�z����܃��t�>�'i�P�xNB�g �l (ʩj�׭Ǣ�쯋�! /Font << /F11 28 0 R /F14 31 0 R /F17 34 0 R >> This help in synchronizing estrous cycle in anoestrous 12 days apart. 3. endobj Figure 1 depicts important points during the estrous cycle. If a cow does not become pregnant, concentrations of progesterone will begin to decrease around day 17 of the estrous cycle. day 0: Defined as the day of estrus. Remember: Anestrous females do not respond to prostaglandin injections. 27 0 obj The hormones work in the following order on the day highlighted. The Bovine Estrous Cycle 259-264 . Understanding the anatomy and physiology of the cow's reproductive system is fundamental to good cattle management. �Xq�ֺj� J���|]y�Tq! Spontaneous activity. H��SMk�0�+sX�i�ư��@ /CropBox [0.0000 0.0000 595.2756 841.8898] �}�! Elevated concentrations of progesterone can be detected about 5 days after standing estrus. 0000009115 00000 n For the cow and heifer, this period averages 21 days, with a typical range of 18 to 24 days in length. Estrus is actually a result of the release in estrogen from a maturing follicle in the cow's … If prostaglandin treatment is issued during the first 5 days after estrus or after days 17-18 of the estrous cycle there will be no answer: at the first 5 days of estrous cycle CL is not matured enough, and after days 17-18 CL in nonpregnant dairy cows has already gone through physiologic luteolysis with no need for exogenous luteolytic agent. >> Progesterone is the primary hormone which maintains pregnancy. /TrimBox [0.0000 0.0000 595.2756 841.8898] This 21-day sequence of changes is collectively referred to as the “estrous cycle”. 23. This allows the cow to show standing estrus again around day 21 (Fig 3). Estrus Synchronization • Controlling the estrous cycle so that a group of females express estrus at approximately the same time. Proestrus lasts for one to three days immediately before the cow comes into estrus or heat. 24. /O 26 << 0000010285 00000 n �j�R�$ĹЦ�� �� ��-�]��|�n{ �­�6�F� }IX'�:;dX�T|c��e`�!�Ͼ�N���������-M{.��->�s����NE�s�{+���.5X�Y����K�Z�ic'[�m�Z��da�YhX��Ӊy)��|`���8���,�u�PV/;d�Ѐ9��t��z�g��"oC �ڹ|P���4�ؠ�?�� B��8�Ln2�ig�2p�ӛN3�K�9��*{A�@6n�hۚ�>��M�M�@[��(*��*>=`[�m��[Ϋ%�)���-���R��%�)�m�KV�%K��[Jܶ�>F~��{���v�)) << trailer Uterine motility in the cow during the estrous cycle. bovine estrous cycle: Anestrus . endstream endobj 1307 0 obj <>/Metadata 167 0 R/Pages 1304 0 R/StructTreeRoot 202 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 1308 0 obj <>/MediaBox[0 0 720 540]/Parent 1304 0 R/Resources<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Tabs/S/Type/Page>> endobj 1309 0 obj <>stream before or between injections. 0000000608 00000 n /Filter [/FlateDecode ] season, based on the average 21-day estrous cycle: If cows or heifers are cycling when an estrus synchronization treatment is implemented and they exhibit estrus during the synchronized period, they would have 3 opportunities to conceive during a … endobj The Normal Estrous Cycle Estrus refers to a cow or heifer in standing heat or standing to be mounted. Academia.edu is a platform for academics to share research papers. A cow’s reproductive cycle can be divided into four phases — proestrus, estrus, metestrus and diestrus. Heat detector should be used only as a Duration of estrus in European cattle is more compared su pp le men t t o v is ua l o bse rv at ion r ath er to Zebu cattle. The cow's reproductive cycle consists of a series of events that occur in a definite order over a period of days. 0 1306 0 obj <> endobj The cow is a non seasonal polyestrus species. h�bbd```b``~ "��=�dR��� �!D�րU��E��$c�.�J�2D����'W2012���d`$������w� �* �΢�o����� �ƅ �~>�my���Y!毇�RԞϕ��O��ɚΧШAi�b�?�]��Kx@����mwh�A� endstream endobj startxref startxref � � � ' � #� �! tool • Controls the timing of estrus or ovulation mechanism: • Altering the length of the estrous cycle Theriogenology 1987,27:337-347. ��������Ѥ��'��11�Ah� ��������x��U����C����'���s-SPi�֛�}ǤD�$��fz��ݡ�W2JiF �` �@�� 0000001096 00000 n Speed of spermatozoan transport in reproductive tract of estrous cow. /Contents 27 0 R Considering that a normal sow/gilt estrous cycle is 21 days, the anterior pituitary gland will secret FSH late in the estrous cycle at approximately days 18-20. << Click on image for just the follicular wave image . replacement. The corpora lutea secrete progesterone. 0 >> /MediaBox [0.0000 0.0000 595.2756 841.8898] the estrous cycle. If a cow does not become pregnant, concentrations of progesterone will begin to decrease around day 17 of the estrous cycle. The estrous cycle or oestrous cycle (derived from Latin oestrus "frenzy", originally from Greek οἶστρος oîstros "gadfly") is the set of recurring physiological changes that are induced by reproductive hormones in most mammalian therian females.Estrous cycles start after sexual maturity in females and are interrupted by anestrous phases or by pregnancies. The estrous cycle of the cow is generally about 21 days long, but it can range from 17 to 24 days in duration. The long term goals are to determine the signs of estrus that are most reliable and efficient in declaring a cow in estrus and the time period for insemination that results in the optimum pregnancy rates. Note: E 2 … /Pages 22 0 R Estrus Synchronization in Beef Cattle Estrus synchronization is a reproductive management tool that is particularly useful in artificial insemination (AI) and embryo transfer (ET) programs. requires an understanding of the estrous cycle. 0000008869 00000 n >> Elevated concentrations of progesterone can be detected about 5 days after standing estrus. Bring females into heat and shorten the estrous cycle (Prostaglandins). Complete Estrus cycle occur every Estrus season from Ovulation occur after estrus by If the female not accept the male we know that Rate of prognance in first estrus after calving : 21 day 12-14 h 10 h It inter in post estrous season 50% N.B : after calving by 60-90day we don't use the estrus Keep animals out of heat and extend the estrous cycle (Progestins). This time of peak estrogen secretion can last from 6 to 24 hours, with ovulation occurring 24 to 32 hours after the beginnin… �=��C� Estrus in cow 1. �e�KN���� r���J!���Pu�. Estrous Cycle. �ğ�{ The basic estrous cycle of the cow averages 21 days in duration (a range of 18 to 24 days) and extends from one period of heat (estrus) to the next. There are four parts to the estrous cycle. 0000009347 00000 n Detection of estrus is not required female. h��[k�$�Q�+���,٬� ��#������fgV����=眈����=wf �|��y3�����s��p�9�SM,�)��J�ψ���jR��g��j?����%vC��{�P9������������o�}�_~��݇7����߾������_�������'O_��w߽}�-ȧ�ᙟ���CO��_�F=�v��7�����7����S����������_�}��������>��������H:%���.���շo���߿y��'����k���¦x���_�����/��K���_���H_}����?���?����Wo��{g*��/?�z��?���ק��Շ���3FnO���w�՗\�������>��~x�.w^̙����w���mB���w����/���wOk����=��\��V�}������av!gi�����p�5��%�2�r��9�|*�\ک�jm�qc���)�K������A���A4]"6���UX>��m�rD������^r;e��sk�DB�za�1Xg���ξ�����g)�:O-8Eo#Ψ�����$�X�cz9�jÂ��g�8�PŤ\X*�Y���1�8`�2�I��|�؞옆�`�2�P�c�j�G��ĀS���b�ߴ)N��]�+� �pZ/X{�o�3�������s������}�"�b��+���B�i@���0Q��sZ�L��Ć��-Zl���y�9b�"��a�n����-p�|`C�3�t����)���8l��!�ŗ��[�g0�q���X�8�'.�x&��[�qy�6�k#q�S�+���L�6@ Cause ovulation or start development of a new fol-licular wave (GnRH). /T 57032 %���� %PDF-1.3 0000000017 00000 n /Root 25 0 R Average Reproductive CyclesAverage Reproductive Cycles Species Length of Length of Ovulation Length of Estrous Cycle Estrus Pregnancy Cow 21 days 18 hr 11 hr after 282 days polyestrus end estrus Ewe 17 days 29 hr near end 148 days seasonal (fall) estrus Sow 21 days 48-72 hr 35-45 hr 115 days polyestrus after start estrus Mare 21 days 4-8 … The estrous cycle is manipulated with one or more hormones, depending on the protocol, to bring females into estrus (heat) at a The shortest interval, estrus, marks the 24-hour period when the cow … Figure one below illustrates the hormone levels throughout the estrous cycle. –Can also be used to advance breeding date of late calving cows and manipulate marketing scenarios. ;� e��4%�����>ߋ����wK����B� •The uterus of a non-pregnant cow or a cow in early pregnancy (up to 60 days) can only be properly examined after the uterus is retracted. /P 0 0000007928 00000 n When a cow ovulates, the depression left is termed a corpus hemorrhagicum and a group of follicles begin to grow. Estrus is the time the mare is “hot”, or it is the “follicular phase”, as the overt signs of estrus are attributable to the estrogen production by the follicle on the ovary. 0000010526 00000 n /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] The basic estrous cycle of the cow averages 21 days in duration (a range of 18 to 24 days) and extends from one period of heat (estrus) to the next. The other follicles were thought to d… The Estrous Cycle and Follicular Waves. l�@�[����SV��sڨ봼�i���r�� �gz&�,9}�?���ӍBq�j�� �3��J�K%^�U�9,s�t^]�*o�i�q�x�� �eQI�uk�ܷ��H�-�ڮUP�������� ��V����щ:h���~��D��¹��H���&�}���h��p�5cni#T�;Wz���#{��y.�+�} ��e�+��n*���ȱ�r�*�w�r^-�{î�t\�G��QٹqP2��@��w+��5��|���w7��] {_��+(�auۨ0�Ϗܖ��ݺ3%4��݇ During estrous cycle, the reproductive tract is prepared for estrus or heat (the period of sexual receptivity) and ovulation (ovum release). Each cycle consists of a long luteal phase (days 1-17) where the cycle is under the influence of progesterone and a shorter follicular phase (days 18-21) where the cycle is under the influence of estrogen. View as PDF: P2616.pdf The estrous cycle of cattle is the period from one estrus (heat, phase of sexual receptivity) to the next estrus. The estrous cycle of cattle is the period from one estrus (heat, phase of sexual receptivity) to the next estrus. Estrous cycle The estrous cycle in cattle consists of a series of events that keep recurring in definite order. xref The estrous cycle of the cow is generally about 21 days long, but it can range from 17 to 24 days in duration. This allows the cow to return to heat, ovulate and start a new cycle. lq;X�^��w���;��]�.�X#��sO��(�Z��帍��IEXwc����l^��� endobj normal estrous cycle in the mare is 21 to 22 days long as defined by the intervals between ovulation. –Most often used as part of an AI/ET program to reduce labor. Failure to observe heat and heat detection must always be ruled out as the primary problem. mimic what occurs during a cow or heifer’s normal estrous cycle; therefore, understanding the physiology of the normal estrous cycle is critical to understanding estrus synchronization. A complete cycle averages 20 days in heifers and 21 days in cows (ranging from 17 to 24 days from the start of one heat period to the start of the next, if the /Resources << /Type /Page Estrus Synchronization • Controlling the estrous cycle so that a group of females express estrus at approximately the same time. stream This periodic pattern of sexual receptivity is the result of an organized and rather complex series of changes that occur in the reproductive system of cattle. If prostaglandin treatment is issued during the first 5 days after estrus or after days 17-18 of the estrous cycle there will be no answer: at the first 5 days of estrous cycle CL is not matured enough, and after days 17-18 CL in nonpregnant dairy cows has already gone through physiologic luteolysis with no need for exogenous luteolytic agent. The entire estrous cycle averages 21 days long, but can be as short as 18 days and as long as 24 days. In general, there are two structures that can be found on the ovary, the corpus luteum and follicles of various sizes. The lactation causes a large amount of energy requirement, then most of the dairy cattle fell in “Negative Energy Balance”(Fig.58). In cyclic females, estrus occurs within 2 to 6 days after they are given intramuscular injections of prostaglandin F2 alpha (Lutalyse®) or one of its analogues (ProstaMate®, Estrumate®, estroPLAN®, In-Synch®). During this time, the reproductive tract is prepared for estrus or heat (the period of sexual receptivity) and ovulation (egg release). >> /Length 6212 %%EOF Estrus is defined as the period where a female (in this case, a cow or heifer) is receptive to a male (or, the bull). Progesterone levels are low because a corpus luteum /ID [<91b1b1c45cb86dce503950ac5e0a7a77><91b1b1c45cb86dce503950ac5e0a7a77>] /Length 332 The cycle begins with standing heat, or estrus. ... 1990) and the majority of cows experience a short estrous cycle (an estrous cycle of ≤10 days) following their first postpartum ovulation (Murphy et al., 1990). Figure 1 x��\K��ȑ�+B��� M����c|Y�����B���=�I� /H�A�{z~����QU@��Yo��9�{��zdee~�ex��#?���Ï���+�����ׯ�g����+Q.��^x���z��ׯ��?Wl��g����?������ʕU�Pһ���.��*��y����lo�zw��կ?��JF*����0R�>������C��"�ϻׯ��7��=�?�}�W�n���w�Ӫ>�~S�}S}�z��T=���7�qYR�z�j-`"L�гZ�Iǟ�ՇSS�w֜�B X�Z��Ye�����~�O����lV���������}�n������ODzڴM{����՟nO}�w��tΪ�3���K{Y���FUX)Ĭ�rsn�'�ğ/���j��l����c�=�n6uu�T'w����my�vOY[8��������$��r���n�Տ���q�g/���X?Tݩ�/ӓ��G�ٿ��R���)G��L����-��D؛��"�/o~����� ����V���3oW���Ysg 26 0 obj The repro-ductive function of a cow or heifer is char-acterized by whether she displays normal estrous cycles. During this period, a cow will stand to be mounted. >> It was thought that several follicles developed large fluid cavities (antrum) toward the end of the cycle or prior to the first postpartum heat but that only one or two follicles were dominant and ovulated, releasing the oocyte (egg) shortly after heat. The estrous cycle of the cow starts after puberty and occurs approximately every 21 days (17 to 24 days) except for pregnancy, reproductive disease or hormonal disorder. 1331 0 obj <>stream endstream endobj 1310 0 obj <>stream [f=Si�%(��F��Y(,�K�؀�a��D�sš�R�PJ`��V�D�f�]ٱ+NMƷT(����M�M�e�"���q|MЖ��P+�}4�.�%)[�����Rvf�ΘEF�0� yZ /*�"4:RtX"yڬXB���yZN� �Ŋ}��%x�lZ��E������h�h����;�:�*@��A�.� . ��).�B02{���q �si�0�q�H�!�sq*c�,"����' �=�"+%NB�~��m]�������z�T>�����S}��S��˥Ō�nq3��7�?���">��M��a6����7���7l��=(�}W��8�#6o}T+|�����2�X}�Q>3��vڷ�& X�S�͹��Q�j�ڇr,Ƶ�/�^@�3h��I�OI!�A�k�AiP���>��T��؏'����X���n꾎v{oeF1 ���{��{P���c���GK�� }@i%��A� /L 57636 0000001395 00000 n Ruckebusch Y. Bavard F. Motility of the oviduct and uterus of the cow during the oestrous cycle. during the gestation and calving the cow has to have a large hormonal change inside her body and in some period suffer a low immunity condition. 1320 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<58F24446F0EF8C40AFB4EA9F3723EFFC><77786EFDCE02E148A1A2E06BFA214AC4>]/Index[1306 26]/Info 1305 0 R/Length 86/Prev 1152341/Root 1307 0 R/Size 1332/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream Vandemark NL, Moeller AN. >> ��|���q��るjh�?� /Type /Catalog Estrous cycle The estrous cycle in cattle consists of a series of events that keep recurring in definite order. << 1. J Reprod Fert 1975:43:23-32. Anestrus is considered a problem when cows are not seen in heat. :&�s�U{K���i �JX�.Z]���ӂ�5�P�Ӹ��!�3��9#�2��mNI�������ߝ�(KI��]X)��ε��vI��f�K�B��r�� b�g MBpN�����i��. ��Z9����h��N�T�e#}օ��Y�և���S�F�Ӊ\���'Q ������]n��[,��H=I�-m�����CG��A.FY�z$��t�F*��V(2_4�.ȩ��x����)��ݨ�'��J�OY�ʟ�h�?c�8JN��E��3��D�*d���2�f��ۢ�5*�F#k%8Mܖ�4��J��h��i���#��P��^�Ӹ�h&;�=ۚ���P��*��vUm�*)l�3O:��⡎�|��^)%�Xu����_��^=��{����WDZ��.�O�&�J���ٌy�x&�,4��'�GZ�$%�\�˃65~��Y /E 11951 >q�L��ƀæ�5 �&��uظ��"��˘�L�O/A�Z4/5��&��lc���.,Ą�t��:������k3�a61��dK��Ŧ� )|�x�T a[>�P�Fgtq���r� �PO��*�^zKN�� V��S}(�n ��|��ڞ7U� ��dWu=z��3A���e������b�? 0000007691 00000 n Figure 1 —Phases of the bovine estrous cycle. /Linearized 1 Follicles can be palpated throughout the Estrous cycle. u��I3�G'jZ���l�6. A complete cycle averages 20 days in heifers and 21 days in cows (ranging from 17 to 24 days from the start of one heat period to the start of the next, if the :F� N�|�`.6�*�&��H�L�!�(|���U��>T��^�FD��8��t�R�F��T�S�@'�#z+�&��K���7I7�8u�.Vy"��X��M]6�n)�E/qt�p�L��v[�0&�\�b(I�6*���y. 0000011699 00000 n –Can also be used to advance breeding date of late calving cows … Cattle are in heat (estrus) approximately every 21 days with the “normal range” being 17-24 days. An estimated annual loss of greater than $300 million to the USA dairy industry occurs because of the failure to detect estrus or the misdiagnosis of estrus. << Proestrus lasts for one to three days immediately before the cow comes into estrus or heat. For the cow and heifer, this period averages 21 days, with a typical range of 18 to 24 days in length. In other words she continually has estrous cycles all year around. of dairy cows 5. 37 0 obj Better management tool for maintaining proper calving interval (12-13 month) 6. � *g � P � $� Estrus in the ewe lasts between 15 and 45 hours (with an average of 30 hours), and the interval between periods of estrus activity is between 14 and 19 days (with an average of 17 days)—3 to 5 days of metestrus, 7 to 10 days of diestrus, and 2 days of proestrus). iI����/ǻ%�A�43z�͓4~�i�w'@���tx�)B`q����?��O7p�� �`Ya|E��4�+�s��� ����H��|�m@t�����EC�S�:4%��u����\��Gݥw�w��i�f�%.����NH�1D#���]�?��t�� 5�e�,�r���C[���O��S�]��� vb"Ue6K�*��;�y�Z�bHd������uw�Ҫ3ٸXk��l]*ѭ /S)���4m�^˱�r8��4�z��#�I�#ñuf�rw��7�j&��'�4[c�e��σ���=>�m���� ���Pϓl%5�����#=h��:{�n+w�KKz*7��� �w���Cm��==_�$���|ROs����R�w%j�@�H����3�w����P�{�Q��(��x=�bx�|�_�"C�Х��_ �U�< %%EOF ��k>;�%#sGA�:eT.ƅ��7�so�q���]ϕ�茵K�>�m"�&cQ�hw�O�o�@;��� /Size 38 Prostaglandins will synchronize heat only if cows are cycling; however, they are not effective on all days of the estrous cycle. 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